Introduction

Verbs in Modern Greek inflect for person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood.

Person

Verbs in Modern Greek can be in one of three persons - first, second or third. The person is so

Voice

Verbs in Modern Greek can be either in the active voice or the mediopassive voice. The voice is indicated by a verb’s stem and the ending it takes.

In general, the two voices are used as follows:

  • The active voice indicates that the action is being done by the subject of the sentence;
  • The medio-passive voice indicates that the action is being done to the subject of the sentence.

However, certain verbs, known as deponent verbs, always use the passive-voice endings but have an active meaning when translated in English.

Aspect

The aspect (ποιόν ενεργείας) of a verb shows how the action is perceived by the speaker. Every verb in Modern Greek is in one of three aspects:

  • The imperfective aspect (ατελές) represent actions which are perceived to be in progress, habitual or repeated.
  • The perfective aspect (τέλειο) represents actions which are perceived as a completed whole or in a neutral way, without reference to duration or frequency;
  • The perfect aspect (συντελεσμένο) also represents actions which are perceived as a completed whole but puts more emphasis on the result of those actions rather than the actions themselves.

Whether a verb is imperfective or perfective is marked by its stem. The perfect aspect is formed by adding the suffix -ει to a perfective stem. The forms of the perfect aspect are also known as nonfinite forms because they are only used in specific constructions and do not change by adding endings.

The vast majority of verbs have forms for both the imperfective and the perfective, but some exist in only one or the other. As such, if a verb does not exist in the perfective, then it also cannot exist in the perfect.

Many verbs can be categorized depending on the patterns followed by their imperfective and the perfective stems.

Perfective and Imperfective Stems of First-Conjugation Verbs
Perfective and Imperfective Stems of First-Conjugation Verbs
StemExample
ImperfectivePerfective
ActivePassive
vowelvowel + -σ-vowel + -στ- (vowel + -σθ-)αποκλείω ("to exclude"), αποκλει-, αποκλεισ-, αποκλειστ- (αποκλεισθ-)
vowelvowel + -σ-vowel + -θ-αναλύω ("to analyze"), αναλυ-, αναλυσ-, αναλυθ-
-ε--ευσ--ευστ- (-ευσθ-)εμπνέω ("to inspire"), εμπνε-, εμπνευσ-, εμπνευστ- (εμπνευσθ-)
-β--ψ--φτ- (-φθ-)τρίβω ("to grind"), τριβ-, τριψ-, τριφτ- (τριθτ-)
-π-προβλέπω ("to foresee"), προβλεπ-, προβλεψ-, προβλεφτ- (προβλεφθ-)
-πτ-αποκαλύπτω ("to reveal"), αποκαλυπτ-, αποκαλυψ-, αποκαλυφτ- (αποκαλυφθ-)
-φ-γράφω ("to write"), γραφ-, γραψ-, γραφτ- (γραφθ-)
-φτ-TODO
-αυ--αψ--αυτ- (-αυθ-)TODO
-αυσ--αυτ- (-αυθ-)TODO
-ευ--εψ--ευτ- (-ευθ-)ανακατεύω ("to mix"), ανακατευ-, ανακατεψ-, ανακατευτ- (ανακατευθ-)
-ευσ--ευτ- (-ευθ-)δημεύω ("to confiscate"), δημευ-, δημευσ-, δημευτ- (δημευθ-)
-γ--ξ--χτ- (-χθ-)διαλέγω ("to select"), διαλεγ-, διαλεξ-, διαλεχτ- (διαλεχθ-)
-γγ-TODO
-κ-μπλέκω ("to entangle"), μπλεκ-, μπλεξ-, μπλεχτ- (μπλεχθ-)
-χ-προσέχω ("to observer", "to watch"), προσεχ-, προσεξ-, προσεχτ- (προσεχθ-)
-χν-ψάχνω ("to look for"), ψαχν-, ψαξ-, ψαχτ- (ψαχθ-)
-σσ-αναπτύσσω ("to develop", "to expand"), αναπτυσσ-, αναπτυξ-, αναπτυχτ- (αναπτυχθ-)
-ττ-TODO
-δ--σ--στ- (-σθ-)διαψεύδω ("to deny"), διαψευδ-, διαψευσ-, διαψευστ- (διαψευσθ-)
-θ-πείθω ("to persuade", "to convince"), πειθ-, πεισ-, πειστ- (πεισθ-)
-ζ--σ--στ- (-σθ-)αδειάζω ("to empty"), αδειαζ-, αδειασ-, αδειαστ- (αδειασθ-)
-ξ--χτ- (-χθ-)αλλάζω ("to alter"), αλλαζ-, αλλαξ-, αλλαχτ- (αλλαχθ-)
vowel + -ν--σ--θ-ανταμώνω ("to meet"), ανταμων-, ανταμωσ-, ανταμωθ-
-στ- (-σθ-)σβήνω ("to extinguish"), σβην-, σβησ-, σβηστ- (σβησθ-)
vowel + -ν--θ-κρίνω ("to judge"), κριν-, κριν-, κριθ-
vowel + -νθ-αποθαρρύνω ("to discourage"), αποθαρρυν-, αποθαρρυν-, αποθαρρυνθ-
-αιν--αν--ανθ-θερμαίνω ("to heat"), θερμαιν-, θερμαν-, θερμανθ-
αποφαίνομαι ("to give a verdict"), αποφαιν-, αποφανθ-
-αθ-γλυκαίνω ("to sweeten"), γλυκαιν-, γλυκαν-, γλυκαθ-
σιχαίνομαι ("to loathe"), σιχαιν-, σιχαθ-
-υν-No passive formsκονταίνω ("to shorten"), κονταιν-, κοντυν-
Syllable removedIrregular or no passive formsμαθαίνω ("to learn"), μαθαιν-, μαθ-
-ασ-No passive formsαποσταίνω ("to get tired"), αποσταιν-, αποστασ-
-ησ--ηθ-ανασταίνω ("to resurrect"), ανασταιν-, αναστησ-, αναστηθ-
-αρ--αρισ-, -αρ--αριστ-αγκαζάρω ("to book", "to reserve"), αγκαζαρ-, αγκαζαρισ-, αγκαζαρ-, ανγαζαριστ-
-ιρ--ιρισ-, -ιρ--ιριστ-γαρνίρω ("to garnish"), γαρνιρ-, γαρνιρισ-, γαρνιρ-, γαρνιριστ-
Perfective and Imperfective Stems of Second-Conjugation Verbs
Perfective and Imperfective Stems of Second-Conjugation Verbs
StemExample
ImperfectivePerfective
ActivePassive

However, there are also many verbs which do not follow any of these rules and so their stems must be memorized separately.

Mood

There are three moods exhibited by verbs in Modern Greek - indicative, imperative and subjunctive.

Tense

There is a tense for each combination of time (past, present, future) and aspect (imperfective, perfective, perfect) for a total of 9 tenses.

Aspect
ImperfectivePerfectivePerfect
TimePastImperfect
(Παρατατικός)
Simple Past
(Αόριστος)
Past Perfect
(Υπερσυντέλικος)
PresentPresent (Ενεστώτας)DependentPresent Perfect (Παρακείμενος)
FutureFuture Continuous (Μέλλοντας ατελής)Future Simple (Μέλλοντας τέλιος)Future Perfect (Μέλλοντας συντελεσμένος)

All of these tenses can exist both in the active and in the mediopassive voice and in indicative and the subjunctive, except for the dependent which can only be used in the subjunctive.

Conjugation

Verbs in Modern Greek are divided into two major groups (συζυγία) depending on where the stress falls in the imperfective present:

  • First-conjugation verbs (α’ συζυγία) are stressed on the last syllable before the ending
  • Second-conjugation verbs (β’ συζυγία) are stressed on the ending.

Second-conjugation verbs are further divided into two subgroups depending on the characteristic element of their endings:

  • Type A (β1 τάξη) have a characteristic -α-;
  • Type B (β2 τάξη) have a characteristic -ει-.

Present

To conjugate a verb in the Present Tense (Ενεστώτας), the appropriate ending is attached to the imperfective stem.

Present Endings for First-Conjugation Verbs
VoiceActivePassive
NumberSingularPluralSingularPlural
PersonFirst-ουμε-ομαι-όμαστε
Second-εις-ετε-εσαι-εστε / -όσαστε
Third-ει-ουν(ε)-εται-ονται

Of the two alternative forms for the active third-person plural, the -ουνε form is often used in colloquial speech, but less so in formal contexts.

Of the two alternative forms for the mediopassive second-person plural, the -εστε form is preferred in formal use, while the form in -όσαστε is more colloquial.

Present Endings for Second-Conjugation Verbs (Type A)
VoiceActivePassive
NumberSingularPluralSingularPlural
PersonFirst-άω / -ώ-άμε / -ούμε-ιέμαι-ιόμαστε
Second-άς-άτε-ιέσαι-ιέστε / -ιόσαστε
Third-άει / -ά-ούν(ε) / -άν(ε)-ιέται-ιούνται

The choice between the alternative endings is largely a matter of personal preference.

Present Endings for Second-Conjugation Verbs (Type B)
VoiceActivePassive
NumberSingularPluralSingularPlural
PersonFirst-ούμε-ούμαι-ούμαστε / -ούμεθα
Second-είς-είτε-είσαι-είστε
Third-εί-ούν(ε)-είται-ούνται

Dependent

To conjugate a verb in the dependent tense, the appropriate ending is added to the appropriate perfective stem. All conjugations use the same endings for the dependent.

Dependent Endings
VoiceActivePassive
NumberSingularPluralSingularPlural
PersonFirst-ουμε, -ομε-ούμε
Second-εις-ετε-είς-είτε
Third-ει-ουν(ε)-εί-ούν(ε)

Present Perfect

The present perfect is formed by conjugating the verb έχω (“to have”) in the present and combining it with the perfect aspect.

Imperfect Tense

For the most part, the imperfect tense is built by attaching the appropriate ending to the imperfective stem.

Imperfect Endings for First-Conjugation Verbs
VoiceActivePassive
NumberSingularPluralSingularPlural
PersonFirst-αμε-όμουν(α)-όμασταν, -όμαστε
Second-ες-ατε-όσουν(α)-όσασταν, -όσαστε
Third-αν(ε)-όταν(ε)-ονταν(ε), -όντουσαν

In the active voice, an ε-, known as a syllabic augment, is prepended to the stem of a first-conjugation verb when the following conditions are simultaneously fulfilled:

  • The stem has only one syllable.
  • The stem begins with a consonant.
  • The attached ending has only one syllable.

In the active voice, when the the stem of first-conjugation verbs start with ε-, α- or αι-, this initial vowel may change to η-. This occurs only with a small number of verbs and mostly when the vowel is stressed. This is known as a vocalic augment.

The stress always falls as much to the left as possible, unless the ending itself is stressed.

Imperfect Endings for Second-Conjugation Verbs (Type A)
VoiceActivePassive
NumberSingularPluralSingularPlural
PersonFirst-ούσα-ούσαμε-ιόμουν(α)-ιόμασταν, -ιόμαστε
Second-ούσες-ούσατε-ιόσουν(α)-ιόσασταν, -ιόσαστε
Third-ούσε-ούσαν(ε)-ιόταν(ε)-ιόνταν(ε), -ιούνταν(ε), -ιόντουσαν

There is also an alternative set of endings for second-conjugation verbs of Type A for the active voice. Their use is common in some regions but rare in others and they are avoided in formal contexts. When these endings are used, the stress is always proparoxytone.

Alternative Imperfect Endings for Second-Conjugation Verbs (Type A)
VoiceActive
NumberSingularPlural
PersonFirst-αγα-άγαμε
Second-αγες-άγατε
Third-αγε-αγαν(ε)
Imperfect Endings for Second-Conjugation Verbs (Type Β)
VoiceActivePassive
NumberSingularPluralSingularPlural
PersonFirst-ούσα-ούσαμε-ούμουν-ούμασταν
Second-ούσες-ούσατε-ούσουν-ούσασταν, -ούσαστε
Third-ούσε-ούσαν(ε)-ούνταν(ε)-ούνταν

Simple Past

The simple past is constructed by attaching the appropriate ending to the perfective stem of the verb. All verbs use the same endings but first-conjugation verbs are subject to the exact same augment rules which apply to the imperfective tense. Furthermore, the passive endings are the same as the active ones but with -ηκ- prepended.

The stress is always much to the left as possible.

Simple Past Endings
VoiceActivePassive
NumberSingularPluralSingularPlural
PersonFirst-αμε-ηκα-ήκαμε
Second-ες-ατε-ηκες-ήκατε
Third-αν(ε)-ηκε-ηκαν(ε)

Past Perfect

The present perfect is formed by conjugating the verb έχω (“to have”) in the imperfect and combining it with the perfect aspect.

Future Continuous

The future continuous is constructed with the particle “θα” and the present.

Future Simple

The future simple is constructed using the particle “θα” and conjugating for the dependent.

Imperative

The imperative exists only in the second-person. It has forms for both numbers, voices the imperfective and the perfective. However, there is no passive imperfective imperative.

Active Imperfective Imperative

The active imperfective imperative is formed by adding the appropriate ending to the imperfective stem.

Active Imperfective Imperative Endings
SingularPlural
First Conjugation-ετε
Second Conjugation (Type A)-άτε
Second Conjugation (Type B)-είτε

In the forms for first-conjugation verbs, the stress falls as much to the left as possible. The forms for second-conjugation verbs of Type A have paroxytone stress. Second-conjugation verbs of Type B do not have a form for the singular.

Active Perfective Imperative

The active perfective imperative is formed via the addition of an appropriate ending to the active perfective stem.

Active Perfective Imperative Endings
SingularPlural
-(ε)τε

First-conjugation verbs are stressed as much to the left as possible.

The singular ending of first-conjugation verbs is often dropped when followed by a weak third-person pronoun or a definite article in the genitive or the accusative. The same thing happens with the verb “κάνω” and also occurs with the verb “δίνω” but when followed by a weak first-person pronoun. This is usually marked by an apostrophe.

The plural ending of first-conjugation verbs is usually reduced to -τε when the stem ends in one of λ, ρ, σ, ξ, ψ, but may retain its full form in formal contexts. Some verbs with a stem ending in -v- may also have this reduced ending.

When the stem of a first-conjugation verb ends in ξ or ψ, this final letter may change to χ or φ, respectively.

Note: Stress

The stress is placed before the above reductions happen.

Second-conjugation verbs usually reduce the plural ending to just -τε. The full ending is only encountered in formal contexts.

The stress is proparoxytone in the singular and paroxytone in the plural. When the full ending -ετε is used, the stress is proparoxytone in the plural as well.

Passive Perfective Imperative

The passive perfective imperative is formed by adding the appropriate ending to the appropriate stem.

Passive Perfective Imperative Endings
SingularPlural
-ου-είτε

The singular is built by adding the ending to the active perfective stem and is stressed as much to the left as possible.

The plural is built by adding the ending to the passive perfective stem.

Irregular Verbs

Many verbs, some of which are very common, exhibit irregularities when conjugated.