Introduction

Declension

Almost all adjectives in Modern Greek decline for gender, case and number. Almost all adjectives keep the stress on the same syllable throughout.

The most common type of adjectives are those in -ος, / / -ια, -ο. They use the same endings as masculine nouns in -ος for the masculine, feminine nouns in / / -ια for the feminine and neuter nouns in -ο.

  • All adjectives of this type with a stem ending in any stressed vowel or /i/ (whether stressed or not) use the , -ας endings.
  • Almost all adjectives of this type with a stem ending in a consonant or an unstressed vowel other than /i/ use the , -ης endings.
  • Very few adjectives of this type must use the -ια, -ιας endings. For most of these, the alternative forms in , -ης are more common.

The stress remains on the same syllable throughout.

Adjectives in -ος, -η / -α / -ια, -ο
SingularPlural
MasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominative-ος-ια-ο-οι-ες
Genitive-ου-ης-ας-ιας-ου-ων
Accusative-ο-ια-ο-ους-ες
Vocative-ια-ο-οι-ες
Adjectives in -ύς, -ιά, -ύ
SingularPlural
MasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominative-ύς-ιά-ιοί-ιές-ιά
Genitive-ιάς-ιών-ιών-ιών
Accusative-ιά-ιούς-ιές-ιά
Vocative-ιά-ιοί-ιές-ιά

Adjectives in -ής, -ιά, differ from those in -ύς, -ιά, only in the spelling of the vowel /i/ in the masculine and neuter endings. Usually, these denote colors or materials and are derived from nouns.

Adjectives in -ής, -ιά, -ί
SingularPlural
MasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominative-ής-ιά-ιοί-ιές-ιά
Genitive-ιάς-ιού-ιών-ιών-ιών
Accusative-ιά-ιούς-ιές-ιά
Vocative-ιά-ιοί-ιές-ιά
Adjectives in -ύς, -εία, -ύ
SingularPlural
MasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominative-ύς-εία-είς-είες-έα
Genitive-έος-είας-έος-έων-ειών-έων
Accusative-εία-είς-είες-έα
Vocative-εία-είς-είες-έα

Adjectives in -ης, -ες have identical forms for the masculine and feminine. All oxytone adjectives of this type remain such throughout. Most paroxytone ones with three or more syllables are proparoxytone in the neuter singular (except in the genitive). Adjectives in -ώδης, -ώδες do not undergo this shift in stress but become oxytone in the genitive plural.

Adjectives in -ης, -ες
SingularPlural
MasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominative-ης-ες-εις
Genitive-ους-ων
Accusative-ες-εις
Vocative-ες-εις

Adjectives in -ης, , -ικα are never used in the feminine genitive plural.

Adjectives in -ης, -α, -ικο
SingularPlural
MasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominative-ης-ικο-ηδες-ες-ικα
Genitive-ας-ικου-ηδων-ικων
Accusative-ικο-ηδες-ες-ικα
Vocative-ικο-ηδες-ες-ικα

Adjectives in -ων, -ουσα, -ον keep the stress on the same syllable throughout, except in the genitive plural, where it moves to the ending.

Adjectives in -ων, -ουσα, -ον
SingularPlural
MasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominative-ων-ουσα-ον-οντες-ουσες-οντα
Genitive-οντος-ουσας-οντος-όντων-ουσών-όντων
Accusative-οντα-ουσα-ον-οντες-ουσες-οντα
Vocative-ων-ουσα-ον-οντες-ουσες-οντα

Adjectives in -ων, -oν have identical forms for the masculine and feminine. They keep the stress on the same syllable throughout, except in the genitive plural, where it moves to the ending.

Adjectives in -ων, -oν
SingularPlural
MasculineFeminineNeuterMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominative-ων-oν-ονες-ονα
Genitive-ονος-όνων
Accusative-ονα-ονα-ονες-ονα
Vocative-ων-oν-ονες-ονα

Degree

Adjectives in Modern Greek have four possible degrees (positive, comparative, relative superlative, absolute superlative) which are used to express the intensity of the property / quality described.

Positive Degree

The positive degree simply indicates that a particular quality is present, without referring to intensity, similarly to the English “small” or “beautiful”. Almost all adjectives have a form for the positive degree and, if it exists, this is the form given in dictionaries. The vast majority of adjectives in the positive degree decline for gender, case and number. Those which do not are called indeclinable.

Comparative Degree

The comparative degree shows a greater intensity of a given quality than the positive degree. It is used in comparisons and is roughly equivalent to the English “smaller” or “more beautiful”. The comparative degree is formed from the positive in one of two ways, although not all adjectives have both ways available and some also show irregularities. There is no difference in meaning between the two ways, however.

The first and by far most common way is periphrastically via the word “πιο” before the positive degree. In formal contexts, “πλέον” is used instead. All adjectives can build the comparative degree in this way, except those for which a comparative degree logically does not make sense anyway (e.g. it does not make sense to say “more golden”).

The second way to construct the comparative degree is synthetically via the addition of a variation of the suffix -τερος, -η, -ο to the stem of the positive degree. The exact variation depends on the declension paradigm of the positive degree and is only available for the following types of adjectives:

  • Those in -ος, / , -ο add -ότερος, -η, -ο;
  • Those in -ύς, -ιά / -εία, / add -ύτερος, -η, -ο;
  • Those in -ης, -ης, -ες add -έστερος, -η, -ο;
  • Those in -ων, -ον add -ονέστερος, -η, -ο;

This ending declines just like adjectives in -ος, , -ο.

Making Comparisons

The comparisons are made using the comparative degree and “από” which translates to the word “than” in English. The noun to which we compare is always in the accusative.

If personal pronouns are used with the adjectives καλύτερος, μεγαλύτερος, μικρότερος, ανώτερος, κατώτερος, then the construction “από + accusative” can be replaced by the genitive personal pronoun.

Relative Superlative Degree

The relative superlative degree indicates the greatest possible intensity. It is similar to the English “the smallest” and “the most beautiful”.

It is constructed from the comparative degree via the use of the definite article. Adjectives which have two possible ways of forming the comparative thus also have two possible ways of forming the relative superlative.

Absolute Superlative Degree

The absolute superlative degree is used to indicate an exceptional property or quality, without making a direct comparison with something else. It is similar to the English “very small” or “most beautiful”.

There are two ways of forming the absolute superlative degree, although not all adjectives have both ways available and some also show irregularities.

The first way is periphrastically via the word “πολύ” and the positive degree. Additionally, “πάρα” may also be used before “πολύ” for more emphasis.

The second way is synthetically via the addition of a variation of the suffix -τατος, -η, -ο to the stem of the positive degree. The exact variation depends on the declension paradigm of the positive degree and is only available for the following types of adjectives:

  • Those in -ος, / , -ο add -ότατος, -η, -ο;
  • Those in -ύς, -ιά / -εία, / add -ύτατος, -η, -ο;
  • Those in -ης, -ης, -ες add -έτατος, -η, -ο;
  • Those in -ων, -ον add -ονέστατος, -η, -ο;

Sources

  1. Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language