Hessian Matrix#
Theorem: Hessian Matrix via Partial Derivatives
Let \(f: \mathcal{D} \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}\) be a real scalar field.
If \(f\) is twice totally differentiable at \(\boldsymbol{p} \in \operatorname{int} \mathcal{D}\), then \(f\)'s Hessian matrix at \(\boldsymbol{p}\) is given by \(f\)'s partial derivatives as follows:
Example: \(f(\boldsymbol{x}) = \boldsymbol{a}^{\mathsf{T}}\boldsymbol{x}\)
Consider the real scalar ield \(f: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}\) defined as
for some fixed real vector \(\boldsymbol{a} = \begin{bmatrix} a^1 & \cdots & a^n \end{bmatrix}^{\mathsf{T}}\in \mathbb{R}^n\).
Its Hessian matrix is zero everywhere:
Example: \(f(\boldsymbol{x}) = \boldsymbol{x}^{\mathsf{T}} \boldsymbol{A} \boldsymbol{x}\)
Consider the real scalar field \(f: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}\) defined as
for some real matrix \(\boldsymbol{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times n}\).
Its Hessian matrix is the following:
Example: \(f(\boldsymbol{x}) = ||\boldsymbol{x}||\)
Consider the real scalar field \(f: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}\) defined as follows:
It is totally differentiable on \(\mathbb{R}^n \setminus \{\boldsymbol{0}\}\) with the following partial derivatives:
We thus have:
For its Hessian matrix, we have:
Proof
TODO
Theorem: Hessian Matrix via Gradient
Let \(f: \mathcal{D} \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}\) be a real scalar field.
If \(f\) is twice totally differentiable at \(\boldsymbol{p} \in \operatorname{int} \mathcal{D}\), then the columns of \(f\)'s Hessian matrix at \(\boldsymbol{p}\) are the gradients of \(f\)'s partial derivatives:
Proof
TODO
Theorem: Symmetry of the Hessian Matrix
Let \(f: \mathcal{D} \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}\) be a real scalar field.
If \(f\) is twice totally differentiable at \(\boldsymbol{p} \in \operatorname{int} \mathcal{D}\), then its Hessian matrix there is symmetric.
Proof
TODO